Биография Я.И. Френкеля с сайта TURNBULL wwww server
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Jacov Il'ich Frenkel
Born: 10 Feb 1894 in Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Died: 23 Jan 1952 in Leningrad, Russia
Jacov Il'ich Frenkel's father, Il'ya Abramovich Frenkel spent six years deported to Siberia because of his revolutionary views.
Soon after his release in 1890 he married Rosaliya Abramovna Batkina. Jacov Il'ich Frenkel was the eldest of their children.
The family moved to Kazan in the early 1900s and by this time there were four children.
After one year in a Gymnasium, Jacov Il'ich was sent to Switzerland in 1905 because of the situation in Russia. Of his childhood
he wrote [1]:-
As a child I was very talented at music and painting. This impelled my parents to arrange for me to have lessons in playing the
violin (at age 8) and drawing (at age 12). Both these activities have remained my favourite hobbies ...
In 1906 the family moved to Minsk, then in 1909 to St Petersburg. There Frenkel entered the K May Gymnasium. By this stage he
was already interested in mathematics:-
I first became interested in mathematics and physics at age 14. By the end of the fifth grade I had learnt the whole mathematics
course, and by the time I graduated from the Gymnasium, most of the university course in mathematics, mechanics and physics.
Unfortunately, all along there was nobody to guide me, so I had to study on my own.
By 1910 Frenkel was discovering mathematics for himself and working extremely hard. he became ill with heart problems which
his parents put down to overwork and tried to stop him working during the summer of 1911, encouraging him to rest.
His work was shown to J V Uspenskii, a student of A A Markov, who saw that Frenkel had discovered many results on finite
differences for himself. By 1912 he had completed a 250 page paper on mathematical physics in which he studied the Earth's magnetism.
Frenkel graduated from the K May Gymnasium in 1913 with distinction and was awarded the Gold Medal. After this he visited the
United States, returning to St Petersburg to enter University in August 1913. He graduated in 1916 from the Physics and Mathematics
department, remaining at St Petersburg University to study for his doctorate. The political situation became very difficult, however,
and he went to the Crimea where a new university had recently been set up. After graduating he began to teach at the University of
Tavrichisky at Simferpol in November 1918.
Frenkel married Sarra Isaakovna Gordina in the Crimea in December 1920. The couple went to St Petersburg (by this time called
Petrograd) in early 1921. There he continued his research on mathematical physics at the Polytechnic Institute. In November 1925
Frenkel set out on a European tour, spending a year visiting Germany, France, and England. Returning to St Petersburg in 1926
(by the called Leningrad) he taught both at the Polytechnic Institute and at the University. He had already published a number
of major books: The structure of matter I (1922), The theory of relativity (1923), The structure of matter II (1924), Vector and
tensor analysis (1925), Electricity and matter (1925), and Electrodynamics (1926).
After his return to Leningrad he worked on a second volume of Electrodynamics. He attended the Como Conference in Italy in
September 1927 presenting his work on the electron theory of metals. He also participated in the Congress of Physicists in Moscow
in the following year. In 1930 he went to the United States for a year, returning to Leningrad to maintain his remarkable publication
record. He published the first volume of Wave mechanics in 1932 with the second volume appearing in 1934. If you think this means
that a whole year went by without Frenkel publishing a book then you would be wrong for between the two volumes of Wave mechanics
he published Statistical physics in 1933. Other major books included Analytical mechanics (1935) and Theoretical mechanics based on
vector and tensor analysis (1940). Of course this incredible productivity had its drawbacks. Kapitza once told him:-
You would be a genius if you published ten times less than you do.
His son writes in [1]:-
... precision was not among his merits. he was always late - for a train, for a seminar, for a lecture.
Frenkel knew his own weakness here and once joked:-
In reply to your enquiry I inform you that I was not late for my lecture since it did not start before I arrived.
During World War II the Institute was evacuated in Leningrad and Frenkel left for Kazan in August 1941 to join the resited
Institute. He only just made it for two days later the advancing German armies prevented further trains leaving Leningrad. In
Kazan he worked on his book Kinetic theory of liquids which was, in many ways, his best work. It was published in 1945. He had
become Head of Theoretical Physics at Kazan University in 1942 and from around this time his interests turned towards geophysics.
He returned to Leningrad in the spring of 1944 but the remaining eight years of his life were very difficult ones. His work
was criticised for not contributing to the construction of socialism. His book were seen to oppose the deterministic Socialist
philosophy, particularly his work on quantum mechanics. He was forced into making various statements declaring that his views
had been in error just to allow him to survive at all. there is no doubt that the worry of these years contributed to his early death.
References for Jacov Il'ich Frenkel
Books:
1. V Ya Frenkel, Jacov Il'ich Frenkel : His work, life and letters (Basel-Boston-Berlin, 1996).
Articles:
2. Obituary: Yakov Il'ic Frenkel (Russian), Akad. Nauk SSSR. Zurnal Eksper. Teoret. Fiz. 23 (1952), 613-618.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
September 2001
MacTutor History of Mathematics
[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Frenkel.html]
См. также биографию Я.И. Френкеля на русском языке.
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